Review scope

This summary is based on the published abstract. We have not appraised the full methods, tables or supplementary material. Details absent from the abstract remain unverified.

Question and design

Koi carp in a 60-day feeding experiment. Three candidate microbial preparations labelled LDJ, LAC and LJD. Comparator: Control feed.

What was measured?

Growth, nutrient utilisation, digestive enzymes, antioxidant measurements and intestinal microbiota.

Main findings

The abstract reports improvements with all three preparations; LAC and LJD performed better than LDJ on growth and digestive-enzyme measures. Microbial and antioxidant responses differed.

Study strengths

Comparison of multiple preparations against a control.

Limitations

Formulation-specific results; full statistical methods and microbiome replication were not appraised. Biomarkers do not establish disease resistance.

Researchers’ conclusion

The authors favoured LAC and LJD for the measured growth and digestive outcomes.

Evidence.pet interpretation

This does not validate unrelated pond products, different microbial strains or benefits in other fish species.

Funding and conflicts

Not verified from the abstract; full declarations have not been reviewed.

Source and review date

Wang Y et al. Comparison of complex candidate probiotics for growth, digestive enzymes, antioxidant measurements and intestinal microbiota in koi carp. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh. 2022;74:1–19. Title shortened; DOI identifies the paper.

Read the primary source · DOI record

STU-046. Reviewed 25 September 2026. Next review 25 December 2026.